Background & Objective: Estradiol and misoprostol have been used for the enhancement of Transformation Zone (TZ) visibility in vaginal colposcopy. However, no consensus has been reached on the superiority of one medication over the other. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of estradiol and misoprostol for the enhancement of TZ visibility in vaginal colposcopy of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 78 patients with unsatisfactory colposcopy were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=25) received 25 µ, g of vaginal estradiol for 14 days prior to colposcopy. Group 2 (n=27) received 400 µ, g of misoprostol 12 h prior to colposcopy. Group 3 (n=26) served as the control group and did not receive any medication. Visibility of the TZ, age, body mass index (BMI), history of vaginal delivery, history of sexually transmitted diseases, history of human papillomavirus (HPV), the reason for colposcopy, and drug-related side effects were compared among the three groups and also between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and Fisher’, s exact tests. Results: The percentage of TZ visibility was 72%, 55. 6%, and 26. 9% in the estradiol, misoprostol, and control groups, respectively (P=0. 005). These values were 70%, 33. 3%, and 0%, respectively, in postmenopausal women (P=0. 043) and 60%, 72. 7%, and 33. 3%, respectively, in premenopausal women (P=0. 152). Regarding drug-related side effects, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups (P=0. 374). Conclusion: Estradiol was significantly superior to misoprostol for the enhancement of TZ visibility, particularly in postmenopausal women, with no difference regarding side effects.

Ashwagandha, or Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera), is of considerable importance in the Solanaceae family due to the presence of a group of steroid lactones called withanolides. Given the limited production of these metabolites in the roots and leaves of the plant under natural conditions and the high demand from the pharmaceutical industry, it is crucial to use the hairy root method to increase metabolite production. To induce bacteria under laboratory conditions, tissue culture and its various steps are typically required. However, nowadays, an alternative and simpler transgenic method is used that does not rely on tissue culture and can produce transgenic plants with an increased yield of secondary metabolites. In this experiment, Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4 was injected into the plant at the wound site located at the first node of the seedling. Fifteen days later, hairy roots appeared, and after the growth of the transgenic plants in the greenhouse, growth characteristics (such as root volume and root area) were measured, and phytochemical analyses were performed on both transgenic and control plants. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The transgenic plants outperformed the controls in terms of agronomic traits: root length (1.12 times longer), root volume (2 times greater), and root area (1.49 times larger). As a result of this study, catalase enzyme activity and flavonoid levels were found to be lower in transgenic plants than in control plants. Correlation results showed that catalase enzyme activity and flavonoid content had positive and significant correlations with root length, volume, and area. Based on the findings of this research, the transgenic method, without the need for tissue culture, can be introduced as a useful approach in this plant to increase root hair production without increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.

In this study, the simulation of the heat affected Zone of welding was carried out based on the practical conditions of four-wire submerged arc welding in two X65 and X70 microalloy steel. Initially, thermal cycles of the heat affected Zone were analyzed. By applying heating and cooling thermal cycles to peak temperatures of 950, 1150 and 1350 ° C, in a dilatometric device, Transformation behavior and microscopic structure were studied. With increasing peak temperature in Transformation, despite the constant cooling rate (23 ° C / s) in the range of 800 to 500 ° C, the start and end temperatures of Transformation are delayed and shear structures replace polygonal structures. The reasons are the coarsening of austenite grains, the dissolution of niobium carbide precipitates and the solute-drag effect of solved niobium in austenite. The size of the shear packs and the size of the austenite grains are also noticeably larger. By analyzing the dilatometry results, continuous cooling diagram and the kinetics of decomposition of austenite were investigated. Austenite decomposition modeling was performed using the JMAK classic equation. It was found that the parameter n has a small dependence on temperature; while the parameter k is strongly dependent to temperature, phase fraction transformed and austenite grain size. The results of modeling of phase Transformations using the JMAK equation were in good agreement with the dilatometric results.

In order to study bioZones of the Pabdeh Formation in the Northeast Kazerun, Murdak section was selected. In this section, Pabdeh Formation is mainly consists of marl, shale and marly limestone. The study of calcareous nannofossils led to the recognition of 70 species and 28 genera. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and assemblages fossil, the following bioZones based on global standard zonations are identified: Discoaster multiradiatus Zone (NP9/ CNP11), Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10/ CNE1-CNE2), Discoaster binodosus Zone (NP11/ CNE3), Tribrachiatus orthostylus Zone (NP12/ CNE4), Discoaster lodoensis Zone (NP13/ CNE5), Discoaster sunlodoensis Zone (NP14/ CNE6-CNE8), Nannotetrina fulgens Zone (NP15/ CNE9-CNE11), Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone (NP16/ CNE12-CNE15), Discoaster saipanensis Zone (NP17/ CNE15-CNE16), Chiasmolithus oamaruensis Zone (NP18/ CNE17-CNE18), Isthmolithus recurvus Zone (NP19/ CNE18-CNE19), Sphenolithus pseudoradians Zone (NP20/ CNE20), Ericsonia Subdisticha Zone (NP21/ CNE21-CNO1), Helicosphaera reticulate Zone (NP22/ CNO2), Sphenolithus predistintus Zone (NP23/ CNO3-CNO4). As a result of this study and based on the obtained bioZones, the age of Pabdeh Formation in Murdak section, is Late Paleocene (Thanetian) to Oligocene (Rupelian-Chatian).

Background and Objective: Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system occurs during aging. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can be preventing the degeneration of neurons. In addition to neuronal replacement, with the production of neurotrophic factors, increased survival and proliferation of endogenous cells. This study was done to compare the cell proliferation, neurotrophic factors expression and features of NSCs harvested from different areas of the central nervous system in vitro.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study NSCs have been harvested from subgranular Zone (SGZ), subventricular Zone (SVZ) and central canal of spinal cord from adult Wistar rats with mechanical, enzymatical digestion and subsequently was cultured in α-MEM medium supplemented with serum as monolayer or adherent conditions and passaged for 13 times. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine expression of the nestin and GFAP markers. Semi-quantitative RT–PCR was used to confirm genes expression (NGF, CNTF, NT3, NT4.5, GDNF and BDNF).Results: Morphological features of stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar in the culture. Doubling time NSCs in the SVZ (37.45 hr) is shorter than in the SGZ (44.04 hr) and central canal of spinal cord (57.22 hr). The culture conditions as well as monolayer neural stem cells are capable of producing neurospheres. Also, nestin and GFAP markers, expressed by NSCs. Neurotrophic gene expression pattern profiles were similar to each other in stem cells extracted from the SGZ, SVZ and central canal of spinal cord.Conclusion: Neurotrophic gene expression in stem cells extracted from different regions of the central nervous system were similar, but proliferation capacity was higher in NSCs, which have been harvested from the SVZ.

Background: Despite the tremendous investigation in the areas of flexor tendon anatomy, biomechanics, nutrition, healing and adhesion formation return of satisfactory digital performance following for the hand surgeons. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive cross sectional study which investigates the results of primary repair of acute trauma (less than 10 days) to flexor tendons of Zone II. After initial exam, the operation was done by an experienced hand surgeon. The operation was done mostly in first 24 hours (primary repair) and in some cases in 10 days (delayed primary repair). All FDP lacerations were repaired with 4/0 nylon modified Kessler core suture and 6/0 nylon circumferential running suture. Post operation mobilization was done by using a dorsal splint in 40 degree wrist flexion and 60 degree metacarpophalengeal flexion and interphalengeal extent ion from finger tips to elbow. Early motion was begun one or two days after operation with modified Kleinert regimen. in children who could not cooperate in motion , long cast was used all patens completed follow up every two weeks for 6 weeks and every three weeks for another 6 weeks . The results were evaluated to buck –gramcko classification system at least 3 months after treatment. The results analyze was done using SPSS software and Kruskal –Wallis and man Whitney tests. Results: The study was done on 37 patients with injured flexor tendons, %67 male and %33 female with average age of 26. The results were excellent in 22 (%37.3) and good in 21 (%35.6 and fair in %20.3 and bad in 4 (%6.8). The most common complications were mild to moderate adhesion (%45) and cold intolerance (%36). Results of tendons repair were better in females than those in males (p value =%0.399). The best result was repair of isolated FDS. Results of repairing both FDP and FDS were the same as repairing FDP and resecting FDS (P value =%0.0006) final results were better in non dominant had (p value =%0.0025). Conclusions: The repair of flexor tendons of Zone II has various side effects and demands more and more primary repair measures on the part of an experienced surgeon.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Zone I. Methods: Preterm infants with type 1 ROP in Zone I (Zone I ROP, any stage with plus disease or Zone I ROP, stage 3 without plus disease) were enrolled in this prospective study. Intravitreal bevacizumab (0. 625 mg/0. 025 ml) was injected under topical anesthesia. The patients were followed-up weekly for 4 weeks and, then, biweekly till 90 weeks gestational age. Results: Seventy eyes of 35 patients with type 1 ROP in Zone I were enrolled. At a gestational age of 90 weeks, ROP regressed with complete or near􀀀 complete peripheral retinal vascularization, in 82. 9% of eyes after a single injection and in 92. 9% of eyes after up to two injections. In 5 eyes (7. 1%), ROP progressed to stage 4B or 5, so that surgical management was required. There were no major complications such as endophthalmitis, cataract, or vitreous hemorrhage after injection. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection is an effective method for the management of patients with Zone I ROP requiring treatment; however, some cases may progress to more advanced stages and require surgical management. Close monitoring for recurrence or progression is necessary. Eyes with persistent Zone I ROP may progress to advanced stages when treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection and re􀀀 treatment may be needed.